Total mesorectal excision and sphincter preservation: the early steps of rectal cancer surgery / Excisão total do mesorreto e esfíncter: os primeiros passos de uma cirurgia de câncer retal

The treatment of rectal cancer has evolved significantly over the last 100 years. Standardization of total mesorectal excision and the development of techniques for sphincter preservation have resulted in significant improvements in the management of this disease. Still, local disease control and functional outcomes of sphincter preserving procedures remain a relevant issue. In this historical paper, the oncological and functional outcomes of patients with rectal cancer treated between 1960 and 1971 by a pioneer woman surgeon using a sphincter preserving approach and a technique resembling total mesorectal excision performed at that time are reported. The results reflect one of the earliest steps of partial intersphincteric resection and total mesorectal excision with good oncological outcomes (2% local recurrence) and acceptable functional outcomes in a highly selected group of patients. (AU)

O tratamento do câncer de reto tem evoluído significativamente ao longo dos últimos 100 anos. A padronização da excisão total do mesorreto e o desenvolvimento de técnicas com preservação do esfíncter resultaram em melhorias significativas no tratamento da doença. Ainda assim, o controle local da doença e os resultados funcionais dos procedimentos de preservação do esfíncter continuam a ser uma questão relevante. Nesse documento histórico, são relatados os resultados oncológicos e funcionais de pacientes com câncer retal, tratados entre 1960 e 1971, utilizando-se uma abordagem com preservação do esfíncter e uma técnica parecida com a excisão total do mesorreto realizada por uma cirurgiã pioneira naquela época. Os resultados refletem um dos primeiros passos de ressecção parcial interesfinctérica e a excisão total do mesorreto com bons resultados oncológicos (2% de recidiva local), e os resultados funcionais aceitáveis em um grupo altamente selecionado de pacientes. (AU)

Cylindrical abdominoperineal resection rationale, technique and controversies / Amputação abdominoperineal cilíndrica racional, técnica e controvérsias

Surgery remains the cornerstone in rectal cancer treatment. Abdominoperineal excision (APE), described more than 100 years ago, remains as an important procedure for the treatment of selected advanced distal tumors with direct invasion of the anal sphincter or preoperative fecal incontinence. Historically, oncological outcomes of patients undergoing APE have been worse when compared to sphincter preserving operations. More recently, it has been suggested that patients undergoing APE for distal rectal cancer are more likely to have positive circumferential resection margins and intraoperative perforation, known surrogate markers for local recurrence. Recently, an alternative approach known as "Extralevator Abdominoperineal Excision" has been described in an effort to improve rates of circumferential margin positivity possibly resulting in better oncological outcomes compared to the standard procedure. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical description and compare available data of both Extralevator and Standard abdominal perineal excision techniques. (AU)

Um dos pilares mais importantes no tratamento do câncer de reto ainda é a ressecção cirúrgica. A amputação de reto, ou excisão abdomino-perineal do reto (APE), descrita há mais de 100 anos, continua sendo um procedimento importante para o tratamento de tumores retais distais que invadem o aparelho esfincteriano ou em casos de incontinência pré-operatória. Entretanto, os resultados oncológicos dos pacientes submetidos à APE são piores quando comparados com os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos com preservação esfincteriana. Recentemente, foi sugerido que os pacientes submetidos à APE por câncer de reto distal apresentam mais frequentemente margem radial positiva, assim como perfuração intraoperatória do tumor, fatos reconhecidamente associados à recidiva local. Uma nova técnica cirúrgica conhecida como "Amputação de reto extraelevador ou cilíndrica" tem sido descrita em um esforço para reduzir as taxas de margem radial positivas, sugerindo melhores resultados oncológicos quando comparada com o procedimento convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a técnica deste procedimento e comparar seus resultados com os obtidos com a técnica convencional de acordo com a evidência disponível. (AU)

Malformación arteriovenosa gigante facial del adulto. Resección y reconstrucción con colgajos libres / Giant arteriovenous malformation facial adult. Resection and reconstruction with free flaps

Antecedentes: La malformación arteriovenosa (MAV) en cabeza y cuello sintomática en el adulto es un enfermedad infrecuentey potencialmente fatal.Objetivo: Describir el manejo quirúrgico y resultado de dos casos de pacientes tratados por MAV avanzada del adulto en la mejilla.Lugar de aplicación: Hospital universitario de tercer nivel.Diseño: Retrospectivo observacional.Población: Dos pacientes adultos varones con MAV sintomática en la mejilla.Método: Revisión de historias clínicas e informes patológicos.Resultados: Ambos pacientes se presentaron con grandes masas y habían sido tratados previamente con embolizaciones sin éxito.Ambos eran estadio Schobinger III. Se realizó una resección amplia y reconstrucción con colgajos libres: anterolateral de muslo en un caso, y de peroné y anterolateral de muslo en el otro. Evolucionaron sin complicaciones con aceptable resultado estético. Se encuentran libres de enfermedad a 50 y 30 meses de seguimiento.Conclusiones: El tratamiento quirúrgico requiere un equipo multidisciplinario con experiencia para una extensa resección, agresiva reposición de sangre y fluidos, y una reconstrucción compleja con colgajos libres.

Background: Sympthomatic adult arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the head and neck is an unfrequent and potential lifethreatening disorder.Objetive: To describe surgical management and outcome of two cases of surgically treated advanced cheek AVM.Setting: Third level universitary hospital.Design: Retrospective observational.Population: Two adult male patients with symptomatic AVM of the cheek.Method: Review of clinical records and pathological reports.Results: Both patients presented with great masses and had been previously treated with unsuccessful embolizations. They wereSchobinger III stage. It was undertaken wide surgical resection and reconstruction with free flaps: antero lateral thigh flap in onecase and fibular and anterolateral thigh flap in the other. Evolution was uneventful with acceptable cosmetic result. They are lesionfree at 50 and 30 months of follow-up.Conclusions: Surgical treatment requires an experience and multidisciplinary team for extensive resection, aggressive blood andfluid reposition, and complex reconstruction with free flaps.

Amputación abdominoperineal cilíndrica: racionalidad y aspectos técnicos / Cylindric Abdominoperineal Resection: rational and technique

La resección quirúrgica sigue siendo la piedra angular de la terapia curativa en el cáncer de recto. La amputación abdominoperineal implica la remoción en bloque del recto, mesorrecto, aparato esfinteriano y el ano; con la creación de una colostomía definitiva. Esta cirugía es la propuesta para pacientes sin posibilidad de conservación esfinteriana. Este grupo representa aproximadamente el 80% de los pacientes con lesiones a menos de 5 cm del margen anal y aquellos con una continencia preoperatoria deficiente. Recientemente una modificación de la técnica denominada “Amputación abdominoperineal extraelevador” destinada a la ampliación del margen circunferencial sugiere mejores resultados oncológicos que la técnica clásica. El siguiente trabajo tiene por objetivo caracterizar y describir a la amputación abdominoperineal cilíndrica en comparación a la técnica clásica.

Surgery remains the cornerstone in rectal cancer treatment. Abdominoperineal resection involves the en bloc removal of the rectum, mesorectum, sphincters and anus with confection of a definitive colostomy. This surgery is indicated in patients without the possibility of sphincter preservation. This group represents approximately 80% of patients with lesions <5 cm from the anal verge and those with preoperative incontinence. Recently “Extralevator Abdominoperineal Excision” has been described to improve rates of circumferential margin positivity suggesting better oncological outcomes compared to the standard procedure. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical description and compare available data of both Extralevator and Standard techniques.

Consideraciones sobre respuesta clínica completa en el cáncer de recto luego de quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante / Considerations about complete clinical response in rectal cancer after neoadyuvant chemotherapy

Luego de la quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante un porcentaje de adenocarcinomas de recto bajo localmente avanzados presentarán remisión total de la lesión, a esto se lo conoce como Respuesta Clínica Completa; en estos casos la cirugía puede ser innecesaria. Nuestro grupo desde principios de los noventa ha incluído estos pacientes en un protocolo estricto de seguimiento que ha demostrado ser igual de seguro que el tratamiento convencional, sin las morbilidades de la cirugía radical. El presente reporte tiene por objeto definir lo que consideramos una Respuesta Clínica Completa, analizar sus implicancias y presentar nuestra experiencia en el manejo de este acontecimmiento.

After neoadjuvant chemoradiation, some patients with locally advanced low rectal adenocarcinoma will present with total tumor regression, this situation is known as Complete Clinical Response (CCR). In this setting immediate radical surgery could be unnecessary. Since the early nineties, our group has included this patients in a striet follow-up protocol, wich has proven to be oncologically equally safe as conventional treatment, without the morbidities of radical surgery. The objective of this report is to define what we consider a CCR and to present our experience in the management of this clinical situation.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones anales intra-epiteliales (AIN) de alto grado / Surgical treatment of high grade intraepitelial anal lesions (AIN)

Introducción: La incidencia del Cáncer de ano se encuentra en aumento tanto en pacientes HIV positivos o inmunosuprimidos como en los inmunocompetentes. Éste se asocia a la infección por HPV, con un comportamiento similar al del desarrollo del cáncer de cuello uterino, a través de la producción de lesiones intra-epiteliales escamosas (SIL). Para su diagnóstico se utiliza la anoscopía de alta resolución. Su tratamiento es aún controversial. Objetivo: Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de lesiones intra-epiteliales anales de alto grado (AIN III) guiadas con anoscopía de alta resolución. Lugar de aplicación o marco de referencia: Hospital Universitario. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión de los pacientes diagnosticados y operados (escisión/cauterización de las lesiones visualizadas con anoscopia de alta resolución) con diagnóstico de lesiones anales intra-epiteliales de alto grado (AIN III) en el marco del Programa de Prevención, Diagnóstico, Terapéutica y Vacunación en Patología del Tracto Genital Inferior del Hospital de Clínicas de Buenos Aires "José de San Martín". Resultados: A las pacientes con antecedentes de infección por HPV en el tracto genital inferior, se las evaluó con anoscopía magnificada. Entre enero de 2005 y agosto de 2010, se estudiaron 305 pacientes (32 inmunosuprimidas). De éstas, 18 (5.9%) presentaron lesiones intra-epiteliales de alto grado (AIN III) confirmadas por histología. Las mismas fueron remitidas para tratamiento quirúrgico. Tres eran inmunosuprimidas, dos por HIV. La edad media fue de 34 años (19-63 años). El seguimiento medio fue de 15 meses, 4 a 39 meses. Se produjo una recurrencia a los 4 meses. Ningún paciente desarrolló incontinencia, estenosis, infección postoperatoria, o hemorragia significativa después del tratamiento quirúrgico... (TRUNCADO)

Introduction: Over the last decades, anal cancer incidence rose to an epidemic range in general population and in some risk groups like inmuno-supressed or HIV patients. Anal cancer develops from squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in the anal transitional zone produced by HPV infection. High resolution anoscopy is used to diagnose these dysplastic changes. There is no consensus about the best treatment option for high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN III). Objective: To report our experience in the treatment of high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia targeted by high resolution anoscopy. Design: Retrospective study. Material and method: Patients diagnose and treated for AIN III in the "Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Vaccination of the Inferior Genital Tract" Program of the Hospital de Clínicas de Buenos Aires "José de San Martín". Results: Patients with history of HPV disease in the genital tract were studied with high resolution anoscopy. 305 patients (32 inmunosupressed) were studied between January of 2005 and August of 2010. 18 (5.9%) had AIN III and were surgically treated. Mean age was 34 years (19-63). Mean follow-up was 15 months (4 to 39). We observed one recurrenee at 4 month. No complications were present. Conclusions: High resolution anoscopy targeted surgery AIN III is feasible and seams to eradicate these lesions in the inmunocompetent patient.